The world of Māori performing arts is a vibrant and integral part of Māori culture in New Zealand. Known as **kapa haka**, this traditional art form combines singing, dancing, and chanting to tell stories and express cultural values. For anyone interested in exploring Māori performing arts, understanding the vocabulary is essential. This article will guide you through some key terms and concepts, providing a solid foundation for appreciating and engaging with kapa haka.
Understanding Kapa Haka
The term **kapa haka** translates to “group dance,” where **kapa** means “group” and **haka** refers to a type of traditional Māori dance. Kapa haka encompasses various performance elements, including **waiata** (songs), **haka** (a type of posture dance), **poi** (performance with balls on strings), and **mōteatea** (traditional chants). Each element has its own unique vocabulary and significance.
Waiata (Songs)
**Waiata** are songs that can be either traditional or contemporary. They play a crucial role in kapa haka, serving to convey stories, emotions, and cultural messages. Here are some key terms related to waiata:
– **Waiata-ā-ringa**: Action songs that combine singing with hand movements to illustrate the lyrics.
– **Waiata Tira**: Choral songs that often feature harmonies and are performed by the entire group.
– **Waiata Whakapapa**: Genealogical songs that recount family histories and ancestries.
– **Waiata Aroha**: Love songs that express feelings of affection and longing.
– **Pātere**: Fast-paced chants that often include a rhythmic, repetitive structure.
Haka (Posture Dance)
The **haka** is perhaps the most well-known aspect of Māori performing arts. It is a posture dance that involves vigorous movements, stamping of the feet, and rhythmic shouting. While haka is often associated with war dances, there are various types of haka with different purposes:
– **Peruperu**: War haka traditionally performed by warriors before a battle, characterized by high leaps and fierce expressions.
– **Ngārahu**: Another type of war haka, but less intense than peruperu, often performed for entertainment or practice.
– **Tūtū Ngārāhu**: A light-hearted haka, often used in social gatherings.
– **Haka Taparahi**: Ceremonial haka performed during formal occasions, such as welcoming guests or celebrating significant events.
– **Haka Pōwhiri**: Welcoming haka performed to greet and honor visitors.
Poi (Performance with Balls on Strings)
**Poi** is a performance art that involves swinging balls attached to cords in rhythm with music. Poi performances can be mesmerizing and require great skill and coordination. Key terms related to poi include:
– **Poi Toa**: Warrior poi, often performed by men, featuring vigorous and energetic movements.
– **Poi Rākau**: Performances that incorporate sticks and sometimes involve more intricate choreography.
– **Poi Pūrerehua**: Butterfly poi, characterized by softer, more graceful movements, often performed by women.
Mōteatea (Traditional Chants)
**Mōteatea** are traditional chants that preserve ancient Māori knowledge, history, and culture. These chants are usually performed without musical accompaniment and can be quite solemn. Important terms related to mōteatea include:
– **Pātere**: Fast-paced chants that recount historical events or genealogies.
– **Karakia**: Incantations or prayers that are often performed to invoke spiritual guidance or protection.
– **Oriori**: Lullabies or songs composed for young children, often to impart wisdom or cultural values.
– **Waiata Tangi**: Lament songs that express grief and sorrow, often performed during funerals or memorial services.
Common Instruments in Kapa Haka
While kapa haka primarily relies on vocal performance, several traditional Māori instruments, or **taonga pūoro**, are often used to enhance the overall experience. Here are some commonly used instruments:
– **Pūtātara**: A conch shell trumpet used to signal the beginning of a performance or to call people together.
– **Pūtorino**: A traditional flute made from wood, producing a haunting and melodic sound.
– **Nguru**: A small flute that is often played using the nose, producing a soft and mellow tone.
– **Koauau**: A short flute with a rich, resonant sound, often used in solo performances.
– **Roria**: A traditional Māori guitar-like instrument, used to provide a rhythmic accompaniment to songs.
Performance and Costume Vocabulary
The visual aspect of kapa haka is just as important as the auditory. Performers wear traditional costumes, or **kākahu**, and use specific movements and expressions to convey their stories. Here are some key terms related to performance and costume:
– **Kākahu**: Traditional costumes worn during performances, often featuring intricate designs and natural materials.
– **Korowai**: A traditional cloak made from woven flax and adorned with feathers, worn by leaders and performers of high rank.
– **Piupiu**: A skirt made from flax strips that sway with the dancer’s movements, creating a visual and auditory effect.
– **Tā Moko**: Traditional Māori tattoos that tell a person’s story and signify their social status and heritage.
– **Wiri**: A trembling hand motion used in kapa haka performances to represent the shimmering of water or the quivering of leaves.
Learning and Participating in Kapa Haka
If you are interested in learning more about kapa haka or even participating in it, there are several ways to get involved:
– **Join a Local Kapa Haka Group**: Many communities in New Zealand and abroad have kapa haka groups that welcome new members. Joining a group is a great way to learn the art form and connect with others who share your interest.
– **Attend Kapa Haka Festivals**: Festivals like **Te Matatini** showcase the best kapa haka groups from around the country. Attending these events can provide inspiration and a deeper understanding of the art form.
– **Take Classes or Workshops**: Many educational institutions and cultural organizations offer classes and workshops on kapa haka. These can be an excellent way to learn the basics and improve your skills.
– **Study Māori Language and Culture**: Understanding the Māori language, or **te reo Māori**, will greatly enhance your appreciation of kapa haka. Many of the songs and chants are in te reo Māori, and learning the language will help you understand the deeper meanings behind the performances.
Conclusion
Māori performing arts, or kapa haka, is a rich and dynamic tradition that reflects the history, culture, and values of the Māori people. By familiarizing yourself with the vocabulary and concepts related to kapa haka, you can gain a deeper appreciation for this unique art form. Whether you are a performer, a student, or simply an admirer, understanding the language of kapa haka will enrich your experience and connection to Māori culture. So dive in, learn the terms, and immerse yourself in the world of Māori performing arts.
