New Zealand’s indigenous Māori culture is rich and diverse, with a deep connection to the land and its resources. One of the most fascinating aspects of this culture is its various forms of craftsmanship. From intricate carvings to masterful weaving, the Māori have developed a wide array of skills that have been passed down through generations. In this article, we will explore some of the key Māori words associated with different types of craftsmanship, providing insights into both the language and the cultural practices they represent.
Carving (Whakairo)
Carving, or whakairo, is one of the most revered forms of Māori craftsmanship. It involves the intricate carving of wood, stone, and bone to create both functional objects and artistic pieces that are rich in symbolism and meaning.
Rakau (Wood)
Wood carving is perhaps the most well-known form of whakairo. The Māori use various types of wood, such as totara and kauri, which are both durable and beautiful. Common terms related to wood carving include:
– **Pou**: These are carved posts that often tell stories or represent ancestors.
– **Wharenui**: The meeting house, often richly decorated with carved figures and patterns.
– **Waka**: Traditional Māori canoes, which are often elaborately carved.
Kōhatu (Stone)
Stone carving, or whakairo kōhatu, is another significant form of Māori craftsmanship. Pounamu (greenstone) and basalt are commonly used materials. Important terms in this domain include:
– **Pounamu**: Also known as greenstone or jade, this material is highly prized and often used to make jewelry and tools.
– **Toki**: Adzes or chisels, often made from stone and used in various carving tasks.
– **Hei-tiki**: Carved pendants, usually representing human figures, often made from pounamu.
Rākau Whakapapa (Genealogical Staves)
These carved wooden staves are used to record and recount genealogies and histories. Each carving on a rākau whakapapa represents a different ancestor or event, and they serve as a physical manifestation of oral histories.
Weaving (Raranga)
Weaving, or raranga, is another essential Māori craft. This practice involves weaving flax (harakeke) and other natural fibers to create a variety of objects, from clothing to baskets.
Harakeke (Flax)
Flax is the primary material used in Māori weaving. The plant is split and softened before being woven into various items. Key terms in this area include:
– **Kete**: Baskets made from flax, used for carrying food and other items.
– **Korowai**: Traditional cloaks, often adorned with feathers and worn during important ceremonies.
– **Pīngao**: A coastal plant whose golden leaves are also used in weaving, particularly for decorative items.
Whāriki (Mats)
Whāriki are woven mats that serve both functional and decorative purposes. They can be used as floor coverings, wall hangings, or even as ceremonial items. The patterns woven into whāriki often have significant cultural meanings.
Tattooing (Tā Moko)
Tattooing, or tā moko, is a form of body art unique to the Māori. Unlike other forms of tattooing, tā moko is carved into the skin rather than punctured, creating a unique textured effect.
Moko Kauae (Chin Tattoos)
These are traditional tattoos worn by Māori women on their chins. The moko kauae signifies a woman’s whakapapa (genealogy) and social status.
Moko Kanohi (Facial Tattoos)
Moko kanohi are the elaborate facial tattoos traditionally worn by Māori men. Each pattern and line tells a story, representing the individual’s achievements, status, and ancestry.
Jewelry Making (Mahi Whakapaipai)
Jewelry making, or mahi whakapaipai, is another important Māori craft. Materials such as bone, stone, and shell are commonly used to create beautiful and meaningful adornments.
Hei Matau (Fish Hooks)
These are carved pendants in the shape of fish hooks. They are often made from bone or greenstone and are believed to bring prosperity and safe travel over water.
Hei Tiki (Human Figures)
As mentioned earlier, hei tiki are small human figure pendants, usually made from greenstone. They are considered to be protective and are often passed down through generations as family heirlooms.
Musical Instruments (Nga Taonga Pūoro)
Māori musical instruments, or nga taonga pūoro, are crafted with both function and form in mind. These instruments are often made from wood, bone, and stone, and play an essential role in Māori cultural practices.
Koauau (Flutes)
Koauau are small flutes made from wood, bone, or stone. They are played by blowing across the top, similar to a recorder.
Putatara (Conch Shell Trumpets)
These trumpets are made from large conch shells and are used to signal important events or gatherings.
Nguru (Nose Flutes)
Nguru are unique flutes played with the nose rather than the mouth. They produce a soft, haunting sound that is often used in ceremonial contexts.
Traditional Clothing (Kākahu)
Traditional Māori clothing, or kākahu, is another area where craftsmanship shines. These garments are often made from flax, feathers, and other natural materials, and they carry significant cultural meanings.
Piupiu (Skirts)
Piupiu are skirts made from flax, worn during traditional dances and ceremonies. The flax strands are treated to create a rustling sound when the wearer moves.
Korowai (Cloaks)
As mentioned earlier, korowai are cloaks adorned with feathers and other decorations. They are worn by individuals of high status during important events.
Traditional Housing (Wharenui)
The construction of traditional Māori meeting houses, or wharenui, involves multiple forms of craftsmanship, including carving, weaving, and painting.
Carved Posts (Pou)
As mentioned earlier, pou are carved posts that often depict ancestors or significant events. These posts are integral to the structure and symbolism of the wharenui.
Tukutuku Panels (Lattice Work)
Tukutuku panels are decorative lattice works that adorn the walls of the wharenui. They are woven from flax and other materials and often feature intricate patterns that tell stories or convey cultural values.
Painted Rafters (Kowhaiwhai)
Kowhaiwhai are the painted patterns found on the rafters of the wharenui. These patterns are usually in black, white, and red and have significant symbolic meanings.
Basketry (Tānekaha)
Basketry, or tānekaha, involves weaving various natural materials to create functional and decorative baskets. This craft is closely related to raranga but focuses specifically on basket making.
Hinaki (Eel Traps)
Hinaki are traditional eel traps woven from flax and other materials. They are designed to allow eels to enter but not escape, demonstrating both functional design and craftsmanship.
Kete Whakairo (Patterned Baskets)
These baskets are woven with intricate patterns and are often used for special occasions or as gifts. The patterns can represent various cultural symbols and stories.
Weapon Making (Mahi Rākau)
Weapon making, or mahi rākau, is another area where Māori craftsmanship excels. Traditional Māori weapons are often intricately carved and carry significant cultural meanings.
Mere (Short Clubs)
Mere are short clubs made from wood, bone, or greenstone. They are used in close combat and are often richly decorated.
Taiaha (Spears)
Taiaha are long spears used in both combat and ceremonial contexts. They feature a pointed end and a flat, broad end, which can be used for striking.
Patiti (Axes)
Patiti are traditional axes used for both combat and woodcutting. They are often made from stone or greenstone and are highly valued.
Conclusion
The Māori culture’s rich tradition of craftsmanship is a testament to the skill, creativity, and deep cultural knowledge of its people. By learning these Māori words related to different types of craftsmanship, English speakers can gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of this fascinating culture. Whether it’s the intricate carvings of whakairo, the beautiful weavings of raranga, or the meaningful tattoos of tā moko, each form of Māori craftsmanship tells a unique story and carries significant cultural weight.
Understanding these words not only enriches our vocabulary but also opens a window into the values, traditions, and history of the Māori people. So the next time you encounter a piece of Māori craftsmanship, take a moment to appreciate the skill and meaning behind it, and perhaps even use some of these words to describe what you see.
